THE IMPORTANCE OF GEODIVERSITY ON THE ANIMAL DIVERSITY IN HUWAIZA MARSH AND THE ADJACENT AREAS , SOUTHEASTERN IRAQ

Geodiversity is the variety within abiotic natural elements that include: rocks, minerals, landforms, soil types, and water resources. Recently ecologists and naturalists recognized that there is close relationship between geodiversity and ecosystems. Huwaiza marsh is located south eastern Iraq within Lower Mesopotamian plain. The main rock bed units which crop out north east of the studied area comprises many types of rocks: conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, siltstone and claystone belong to Bai Hassan, Mukdadiya and Injana Formations. The general elevation of the area ranges around 5 meters (a. s. l.) near the marsh and increase northeast to more than 100 meters (a. s. l.) and the Land forms are: cuesta, oxbow lakes, flood plain, water lake, shallow marshes, mud flats, and sand dunes. Soil (sediments) usually derived from north east rock bed units and from rivers, which are composed of gravel, sand, silt and silty clay. Huwaiza Marsh is provided by water resources from Musharah and Kahlaa distributaries in addition to AlTeeb and Duwaireeg rivers which enter AlSanaf seasonal marsh, then after to Huwaiza Marsh. The later has 1377 km during rainy season and 650 km during dry season. Geodiversity created diverse ecosystems such as: desert (including sand dune), salt flat (sabkha), mud flats and aqueous ecosystem that provided good flora and fauna diversity of which wide range of plant and animal species use the area. Such geodiversity formed the foundation in creation three main terrestrial ecoregions in this area of Iraq. Huwaiza marsh and adjacent area can be used for scientific researches, education, traditional agricultural, ecotourism and for other sustainable developments. Vertebrate biodiversity comprises 27 mammals, 81 birds, 6 reptiles, 3 amphibians, and 9 freshwater fishes. The characteristic vertebrates of each habitat of Huwaiza marsh were indicated. Of interest among them is the presence of African Darter Anhinga rufa in Deep-water marsh habitat; Basra Reed Warbler Acrocephalus griseldis, Goliath heron Ardea goliath, and smooth coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli in shallow water marsh habitat.


INTRODUCTION
This study depends on two important world conventions: Ramsar Convention (1971) which is focused on the wetland and Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) (1992).Today many conferences held overall the world to explain the wise use and management of water.Water flows are controlled by topography which is considered part of geodiversity.The later describes the variety within abiotic nature which includes: rocks and minerals, land forms, soil type and water resources (Gray, 2004), provides the framework for life on earth (Stanley, 2002) and is considerd the foundation of the ecosystem.Geodiversity and other abiotic resources are sustaining ecosystem and biotic resources (Santucci, 2005).Recent ecologist and naturalist recognized the importance of geodiversity on the biodiversity and ecosystem (Jackova and Romport, 2008;Hart, 2012 The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation aspects of geodiversity factors: rock and minerals, land form and surface processes, type of soils and water resources; and their importance on vertebrate biodiversity components in Huwaiza marsh and adjacent areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Geodiversity and biodiversity data of this study depend on the field surveys to the Huwaiza Marsh and adjacent areas.Geodiversity surveys were undertaken during the period from 2007-2008 to identify the abiotic factors.Data on biotic material of this study came from the collection or sighting of animal and plant samples, remains of animals, footprints, previous records of the Iraq Natural History Museum staff, and the relevant on this area like Salim et al. (2006), Al-Sheikhly and Haba (2014), and Nature Iraq (2017).Identification of biotic elements was done depending on available literature and keys in the library of the Iraq Natural History Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Field survey to the Huwaiza Marsh and adjacent areas shows clear intrinsic relationship between geodiversity, habitat and biodiversity.

Geodiversity
Geodiversity of Huwaiza Marsh and adjacent areas comprises different rock bed units with Quaternary sediments, natural processes, topography (land forms), soil type, and water resources.Rock bed units with Quaternary sediments: Many ecologists and naturalists consider the rock bed units as a foundation of the ecosystem which composed of abiotic and biotic factors.Rock beds units of Huwaiza Marsh and adjacent areas belong to Injana (L.Miocene), Mukdadiyah (E.Pliocene), Bai Hassan (L.Pliocene) which comprises some type of rocks cropping out north east of Huwaiza Marsh such as: mudstone, clayey mudstone, sandstone, claystone, silty sandstone, pebbly sandstone and conglomerate in addition to Glacial deposits and Quaternary sediments (Bellen et al., 1959;Buday, 1980 Mud flats: It is transitional zone between marsh water and dry land which is fluctuated between aqueous and subaqueous area.Rivers: There are many rivers in the studied area such as: Tigris River and its distributaries, Mushrah and Kahlaa which are on the west side; in addition to Teeb and Dwaireej ephemeral streams on the north east.Alluvial fan: There are two alluvial fans: Teeb and Dwaireej which were formed during rainy periods of Pleistocene, but these fans are not active now due to climatic changes and lack of precipitation.Sediments of these fans are composed of sand 26.30, 5.05% , silt 49.60, 65.05% and clay 24.10, 29.90% in Teeb and Dwaireej respectively.Sand flats: It is present at the north part of studied area, which includes sand dunes as a barchans and sand cover.Sand sediments may be derived from parent rocks as well as from fluvial and alluvial fan sediments.

Type of soil:
The soil of studied area eroded, transported and deposited from many streams flowing either from northwest from Iraqi side via Tigris distributaries such as: Kahlah and Musharah, or from north east from Iran side such as Karkha, Teeb and Dwereege streams (Buring, 1960;Kukal and Saadalah, 1971).Later rivers derived high percent ratio of sediments from parent rock bed units of Injana (Late Miocene), Mukdadiya (Early Pliocene), Bai Hassan (Late Pliocene), and from Glacial deposits (Pleistocene) and Quaternary (Holocene).The above mentioned rivers are classified as an old age rivers which are characterized by low energy, low discharge and always transports fine suspended sediments particularly at the Marsh.Soil comprises silty clay, silt, clay and very low amount of fine to very fine sand (K 2 6).G f ten soil samples show the range of sand from 0.80-10.10%, silt from 31.00-60.90% and clay from 29.00-66.00.According to Fuchtbouer (1974), the soil samples of Huwaiza Marsh can be classified into clayey silt and silty clay.High ratio of the soil may be derived from parent rocks bed units of Injana (L.Miocene), Mukdadiyah (E.Pliocene) and Bai Hassan (L.Pliocene) Formations in addition to the others may be recycles and deposits from Tigris River tributaries.X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the soils composed of calcite, quartz, halite, dolomite and clay minerals.The later includes smectite-chlorite, palygorskite-illite and kaolinite (Rasheed, 2008).
Water resources: Huwaiza Marsh is fed mainly from Kahla and Musharah Rivers, distributed from Tigris River.Kahlah River is subdivided into Ummu Zubair, Altous, and Husaiji, which flow to Huwaiza Marsh.It is also fed from north east from Teeb and Dwaireej ephemeral streams via Sannaf Seasonal Marsh.The main outlet of Huwaiza Marsh is the Kassara drainage which reconnects with the Tigris River near Kassara Village.Another outlet is the Swayb which flows into Shatt Al-Arab, south of Qurnah City.

Habitats
Habitats of Huwaiza Marsh could be classified into the following categories according to the availability and location of water around the year.

Inland river habitat:
This habitat is represented by Al-Teeb and Duwireej rivers from the north side which come from Iran and Al-Kahlaa and Al-Msharah rivers from the west side coming from Tigris.This habitat is characterized by absence of macroflora.Fauna: Marsh banks: It is characterized with the presence of the crustacean species Sphaeroma annadalei Stebbing, 1911 (Pl. 1) which burrows in the muddy banks of the marsh for sheltering and feeding (Mohammad, 2014).Ali et al. (2007) could not find it in Huwaiza marsh.Mauremys caspica and Rafetus euphraticus use these banks for their reproduction and then lay and bury their eggs beneath the banks.

Biodiversity
In comparison with other marshes of southern Iraq, the biodiversity of the Huwaiza Marsh is rather richer both in the number of species and the number of individuals of each species.This is due to, at least partly, to the continuous existence of water around the year and relatively good quality of the water in regard to salt content.Vertebrate biodiversity comprises 27 mammals, 81 birds, 6 reptiles, 3 amphibians, and 9 freshwater fishes (List1).Many species of invertebrates were recorded from the Huwaiza Marsh including insects, crustaceans, ticks, scorpions, centipedes, mollusks.
; Petrisor and Sabro, 2010; Gray et al., 2013; Mohammad and Al-Zubaidi, 2014; Al-Zubaidi et al., 2014).The biodiversity of the Huwaiza marsh in comparison with other southern marshes is rather rich both in the number of species and the number of individuals of each species.
(1): location of Huwaiza Marsh and other Iraqi Southern Marshes.After Al-Lami et al. (2014) Climate: according to the world climatic classification, the study area is categorized into dry arid climate as showed in Table (1) (IMO, 2006).